To grasp the cultivated land pressure in important river basins is to provide the basis for the sustainable use of cultivated land and the guarantee of food security. The Anning River Basin in Sichuan Province was selected as the study area， and the spatial differentiation characteristics of cultivated land pressure in the Anning River Basin during 2001-2021 were identified by using the methods of cultivated land pressure index and Theil index， and a multiple linear regression model was constructed to explore its influencing factors. Results show： （1）The proportion of cultivated land area in Anning River Basin in 2021 is positively correlated with the proportion of grain production， but the proportion of cultivated land area is not synchronized with the grain yield per unit area. （2）From 2001 to 2021， cultivated land pressure index in the Anning River Basin generally increased and was at a critical pressure level， the differentiation degree of cultivated land pressure increased gradually in each district and county. Meanwhile， the state of cultivated land pressure varied greatly among districts and counties， and showed a spatial pattern with small changes in the Panzhihua section and large changes in the Liangshanzhou section. （3）From 2001 to 2021， the Thiel index of cultivated land pressure in the Anning River Basin showed a fluctuating upward trend in general， and the difference of spatial distribution between counties and regions increased. Among them， the cultivated land pressure increased but the overall difference decreased in Panzhihua section， while the number of counties under pressure increased but the overall difference was large in Liangshanzhou section. （4）Among the social and economic factors affecting cultivated land pressure， regional gross domestic product and total power of agricultural machinery had significant positive correlation to cultivated land pressure in Anning River Basin and its different basin sections， while grain yield per unit area and per capita net income of rural residents had significant negative correlation， and there were differences among different basin sections. In summary， in order to promote the sustainable use of cultivated land in the Anning River Basin， suggestions were put forward to strengthen the main responsibilities of cultivated land protection， the law enforcement and supervision of cultivated land， and establish a coordinated mechanism for cultivated land protection.